Yap State

Yap State is a state in the Western Caroline Islands.

Alternative spellings and historic names include: Waab, Wa'ab

Yap State is one of four states that comprise the Federated States of Micronesia.

Subunits

Atolls and islands within the state include: Yap (sometimes called "Yap Proper") and the Outer Islands of Yap. Thus, Yap State consists of two very distinct, but importantly connected, social/linguistic groupings.

As with many placenames in Micronesia, "Yap" is a geographic 'pars pro toto', in which the name of a constitutive village, island or atoll is often used describe the larger island, atoll or island grouping in which it is the predominate member.

Population, Language and Religion

The 2010 FSM Census reported a population of 11,377. Yapese, Ulithian, Woleaian, and Satawalese are the spoken languages of Yap State and religious affiliation is primarily Roman Catholic, with a minority of Protestants.

Governance

Spain laid claim to the Carolines from the time of initial discovery in the early 1500's but made no attempt to occupy or administer them. In 1885 a Governor for the Carolines was appointed by the Governor General of the Philippines and presence established in Pohnpei and Yap. In this Spanish Period (1521-1899), Yap State fell within the Western District of the Spanish East Indies.

After the Spanish-American War, Spain sold the Palau, Caroline, and Marianas Islands to Germany in 1899. In this German Period (1899-1914), the Caroline, Palau and Mariana Islands (excluding Guam), along with the Marshalls, annexed in 1885, were titled Imperial German Pacific Protectorates. The Carolines become an administrative district of German New Guinea under direction of a vice-governor and Yap State fell within the Western Caroline District.

The Carolines were seized from the Germans by the Japanese early in World War I. Despite protests from the United States, including the Yap Crisis, the Islands were in 1920 mandated to Japan by the League of Nations. In this Japanese Period (1914-1941), Yap State fell within the Yap District of the “Nan'yō Cho” or South Seas Government.

Following liberation of the islands in the War in the Pacific, the islands were administered by the US Navy. The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) was formalized by United Nations Security Council Resolution 21 in 1947. The Navy passed governing duties to the Department of the Interior in 1951. During the USN Period (1945-1947) and the TTPI Period (1947-1979) Yap State fell within the Yap Administrative Unit and then the Yap District.

The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) was established with the end of the Trust Territory. The FSM is one of three “Freely Associated States,” or “FAS” nations that entered into a Compact of Free Association or “COFA” with the US. The treaty and agreements provide economic assistance to the countries, secured US defense rights and set defense responsibilities, and allow FAS citizens to migrate to the United States.

Traditional Culture

Pre-Contact

Yap State was part of the "Yap-Ulithi-"Woleai" chain of authority and the related "Sawei" Yap/Outer Island Trade and Tribute Network (sometimes called the "Yap Empire”).

The main islands of Yap were part of the Tabinaw, or Yap Land Title and Kinship System (sometimes called the "Yapese Caste" system).

Present Day

Traditional chiefly authority is exercised by the Council of Pilung and the Council of Tamol.

In Yap, traditional leaders have a role in governnance that enshrines them as a "Fourth Branch." As John Haglelgam, former President of the FSM observed in his "Traditional Leaders and Governance in Micronesia" (1998), “in Yap, the traditional leaders have formal roles in the government. The Yap state constitution created two councils of chiefs: one for the main islands of Yap and one for the outer island chiefs. These councils are empowered to review and disapprove an act of the state legislature if it violates custom and tradition… The legislature cannot override the veto of these councils but can incorporate their objection in the bill and return it for their review. So far. the councils have used their power sparingly. The councils have also expanded their power to review policy of the executive branch which has forced the governor and his cabinet to justify their policy to the councils… The two councils are in essence public watchdogs, making sure that elected officials and bureaucrats are doing their job.“

Political Status of Yap

Over several centuries, Yap and its outer islands have been administratively group by foreign powers into political units with other more distant islands in Palau, eastern Caroline, and Marshall Islands. Despite this, the People of Yap have always retained very distinctive and cohesive linguistic, social and cultural patterns and identity. At the close of the US administered Trust Territory, elected leaders and the voters of Yap opted to join the nascent Federated States of Micronesia and enter into Free Association with the United States. Still, questions about Yap's Political Status remain unresolved in the minds of many voters and political leaders.

Electoral Divisions

The legislative branch of the Federated States of Micronesia is unicameral. Two types of Senators are elected: at-large senators, one for each of the four states, who serve four-year terms, and population-based senators, representing specific constituencies, who serve two-year terms. The President of Micronesia is elected by the Congress from amongst the four at-large senators, after which a special election is held to (re)fill that seat.Yap State is represented in the FSM Congress by the Yap, At-Large Seat Senator, and the Yap, Sole Population-Based District Senator.

Since the establishment of the FSM, Yap State voters have elected and maintained in Congress one Yapese Senator and one Outer Island Senator. This de facto power-sharing arrangement is similar to the requirement in the Yap's State Constitution stating "if the Governor is a resident of Yap Islands Proper, the Lieutenant Governor shall be a resident of the Outer Islands, and if the Governor is a resident of the Outer Islands, the Lieutenant Governor shall be a resident of Yap Islands Proper."

Education

The Local Education Agency, or “school district” for Yap State is the Yap State Department of Education.

References and Resources

---. “The Controversy Over Yap Island.” Current History (1916-1940), vol. 14, no. 1, Apr. 1921, pp. 108–10, https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1921.14p1.1.108.

---. “Treaty Between the United States and Japan with Regard to the Former German Islands in the Pacific Ocean, in Particular the Island of Yap.” American Journal of International Law, vol. 16, no. 2, 1922, pp. 94–98, https://doi.org/10.2307/2213034.

---. “Yap and the Yap Empire (Micronesia).” The Encyclopedia of Empire, Wiley, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe048.

Alkire, William H., and Keiko Fujimura. “Principles of Organization in the Outer Islands of Yap State and Their Implications for Archaeology.” Micronesica, vol. 2, 1990, pp. 75–88, https://micronesica.org/volumes/supplement-2. Berg, M. L. “Yapese Politics, Yapese Money and the Sawei Tribute Network before World War I.” The Journal of Pacific History, vol. 27, no. 2, Dec. 1992, pp. 150–64, https://doi.org/10.1080/00223349208572704.

Butler, Janet B. East Meets West: Desperately Seeking David Dean O’Keefe from Savannah to Yap. 2001. Georgia Southern University, http://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd_legacy.

Descantes, Christophe. “Contained Identities: The Demise of Yapese Clay Pots.” Asian Perspectives, vol. 40, no. 2, Nov. 2001, pp. 227–43, https://doi.org/10.1353/asi.2001.0017.

Falanruw, Marjorie V. Cushing. Trees of Yap: A Field Guide. United States Department of Agriculture, Sept. 2015, https://doi.org/10.2737/PSW-GTR-249.

Gentle, Paul F. “Stone Money of Yap as an Early Form of Money in the Economic Sense.” Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks, vol. 5, no. 2, 2021, pp. 114–19, https://doi.org/10.21272/fmir.5(2).114-119.2021.

Gillilland, Cora Lee C. “Stone Money of Yap: A Numismatic Survey.” Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology, no. 23, 1975, pp. 1–75, https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00810258.23.1.

Gregory, Charles Noble. “The Treaty as to Yap and the Mandated North Pacific Islands.” American Journal of International Law, vol. 16, no. 2, Apr. 1922, pp. 248–51, https://doi.org/10.2307/2187716.

Hezel, Francis X. “A Yankee Trader in Yap: Crayton Philo Holcomb.” The Journal of Pacific History, vol. 10, no. 1, 1975, pp. 3–19, https://doi.org/10.1080/00223347508572262.

Hobbs, William Herbert. “The Island of Yap and Its People.” Current History (1916-1940), vol. 15, no. 5, Feb. 1922, pp. 762–69, https://doi.org/10.1525/curh.1922.15.5.762.

Lee, Rosalie Leong. The American-Japanese Controversy Over the Island of Yap. 1939. University of Hawaii.

Lessa, William A. “The Place of Ulithi in the Yap Empire.” Human Organization: The Journal of the Society for Applied Anthropology, vol. 9, no. 1, 1950, pp. 16–18, https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.9.1.y271x91u0850g612.

Lingenfelter, Sherwood Galen. Yap: Political Leadership and Culture Change in an Island Society. The University Press of Hawaii, 1975, https://books.google.com/books?id=AVrGDwAAQBAJ&printsec=copyright#v=onepage&q&f=false.

Maga, Timothy. “Prelude to War? The United States, Japan, and the Yap Crisis, 1918-22.” Diplomatic History, vol. 9, no. 3, July 1985, pp. 215–31, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7709.1985.tb00533.x.

Petersen, Glenn. “Indigenous Island Empires: Yap and Tonga Considered.” Journal of Pacific History, vol. 35, no. 1, June 2000, pp. 5–27, https://doi.org/10.1080/00223340050052275.

Poole, Robert Michael. “Yap, the Pacific Island Japan Has Almost Forgotten: Former Japanese Colony Celebrates Its History and Culture on Yap Day.” The Japan Times, 25 May 2018, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2018/05/25/travel/yap-pacific-island-japan-almost-forgotten/.

Price, Willard. “Mysterious Micronesia: Yap, Map, and Other Islands Under Japanese Mandate Are Museums of Primitive Man.” National Geographic, Apr. 1936, pp. 481–510, https://nationalgeographicbackissues.com/product/national-geographic-april-1936/.

Ranfranz, Patrick. The Island Remembers: Yap Honors the Loss and Sacrifice During World War II. Yap Visitors Bureau and the Missing Air Crew Project, www.missingaircrew.com. Accessed 19 June 2024.

Rattan, Sumitra. “The Yap Controversy and Its Significance.” The Journal of Pacific History, vol. 7, 1972, pp. 124–36, https://doi.org/10.1080/00223347208572204.

Schneider, David M. “A Warning in Regard to The Stone Money of Yap.” American Anthropologist, vol. 78, no. 4, Oct. 1976, pp. 893–94, https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1976.78.4.02a00160.

Schneider, David. “Typhoons on Yap.” Human Organization, vol. 16, no. 2, June 1957, pp. 10–15, https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.16.2.64612t81x0136229.

Wetherall, William. The Yap Island Controversy: How Japan Gained Submarine Cable Sovereignty in the Pacific. 1968, http://www.wetherall.org/prose/Wetherall_1968_Yap_island_controversy.html.

Wood, Junius B. “Yap and the Other Pacific Islands Under Japanese Mandate.” National Geographic Magazine, Dec. 1921, pp. 591–628.