Kayangel

Kayangel is an atoll located in Kayangel State in the Republic of Palau.

Alternative spellings and historic names include: Kadjangle, Kajanguru, Kayangel Islands, Kayangel Atoll; Chiangel, Kajamble, Kyangel, Moore, Ngcheangel, Ngajangel, Ngeiangl, Queangel

Kayangel is coral atoll is located at 8° 05' N, 134° 44' E, about 15 miles north of Babeldaob but only two miles from the northeastern most outlying reef of the Palau group. Kayangel consists of four low islands on a coral reef. From north to south they form the eastern wall of a reef bank about two nautical miles in width. All are wooded, but Ngajangel alone is inhiabited. The lagoon, which can accommodate only small craft, is entered by apassage on the west.

The Atoll was discovered by the British trader John Meares in 1788, and later investigated by Karl Semper in 1862, as well as by John Stanislaw Kubary in 1871.

As with many placenames in Micronesia, "Kayangel" is a geographic 'pars pro toto', in which the name of a constitutive village, island or atoll is often used describe the larger island, atoll or island grouping in which it is the predominate member. Kayangel the name of an atoll, the largest island within it, as well as the village on that island. Kayangel also provides the name for it's eponymous State.

Subunits

Islands in the atoll include: Gorak, Ngajangel, Ngarapalas, and Ngariungs; Hamlets on the island of Ngajangel include: Ngerdilong, Ngerdimes

Administrative History

The Spanish Period (1521-1899) began with initial discovery in the early 1500's though Spain made little attempt to occupy or administer the islands until 1885, when the islands were incorporated into the Spanish East Indies.

After the Spanish-American War, Spain sold the the Palau, Caroline and Marshall Islands to Germany in 1899. In this German Period (1899-1914), the islands were titled Imperial German Pacific Protectorates. Palau was a portion of the "Western Carolines District," along with Yap and the Marianas, administered through German New Guinea.

Palau was seized from the Germans by the Japanese early in World War I. The Islands were in 1920 mandated to Japan by the League of Nations. In this Japanese Period (1914-1941), the islands were governed by the “Nan'yō Cho” or South Seas Government. Koror, in Palau, served as the seat of administration. Japanese presence and proximity were greater in Palau than in the neighboring Caroline and Marshall Islands, accelerating economic development and acculturation. This included imposition of well-defined individual property rights.

Following liberation of the islands in the War in the Pacific, the islands were administered by the US Navy during the USN Period (1945-1947). The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (TTPI) was formalized by United Nations Security Council Resolution 21 in 1947. The Navy passed governing duties to the Department of the Interior in 1951, initiating the TTPI Period (1947-1979). Within the Palau District, Kayangel was grouped within the “Palau Area” subdivision.

Traditional Culture

Pre-Contact

Pre-contact Palau was organized in a loose confederation of all islands comprised of ten “districts” or “divisions.” Political organization in was characterized by hereditary chieftainship and ranked groups. Kayangel was a part of the .

Chieftainship was primus inter pares or "first among equals" type similar to Yap, but distinct from centralized chieftainships over smaller polities in the eastern Carolines or merely clans in the central Carolines.

Social organization and ranking in Palau were influenced by wealth (primarily land) and inherited clan affiliation, but also influenced by personal ability and prestige. Households up through clans were primarily defined by matrilineage, but children could choose to join their father's matrilineage, gaining inheritance rights within it instead through their own mother's line. Broadly, competition played a larger role in social order and culture in Palau than anywhere in the Caroline or Marshall Islands.

Colonial Eras

Traditional cultural and political systems evolved over the course of foreign administration. The German administration sought to systemize native life, introducing regulations dealing with native institutions. Local chiefs broadly retained control but their authority was curtailed and they were subjected to German supervision.

The Japanese administrators sought to simplify the traditional clan system through consolidations. Initially Japan retained German policies, but with relaxed enforcement, later introducing further reaching policies aimed at modernization. The Japanese also tried the German scheme of indirect rule, using native chiefs and council as their intermediary, but abandoned the effort. Laws were promulgated by the Bureau and chiefs merely carried them out.

Present Day

Traditional leaders in Palau played a significant role in the end of TTPI and the establishment of Palau as an independent nation. Today, clan relations and traditional leaders continue to influence voting behavior and also political allegiances, particular in the absence of formal political parties or ideological groupings. Though its role is not formalized as a "fourth branch" as it is in Yap State in the neighboring FSM, Palau's Council of Chiefs does provide both an implicit check on, and constitutes a significant influence on, the government.

As Former FSM President Haglegam has explained, "On Palau, a council of traditional chiefs was created to serve as adviser to the president. So, unlike their counterpart in the FSM, the Palauan traditional chiefs have a formal role at the national level, albeit in advisory capacity. However, the council has complained that the president ignores their advice on policy matters. We should keep in mind that the power to advise does not carry with it the power to modify or formulate policy. So, the Palauan traditional chiefs’ power to influence public policy is minimized by granting them only advisory power."

Political Representation

The Republic of Palau's legistive branch consists of a bicameral Congress. The sixteen members of the lower chamber, or House of Delegates, are elected to four-year terms through first-past-the-post elections and represent single-member constituencies in the form of the 16 states. The thirteen members of the upper chamber, or Senate of Palau, are elected for four-year terms through a non-proportional block voting system in which each voter may choose thirteen candidates from the nationwide slate of candidates. The President of Palau is directly elected through a two-round process.

Education

John F. Kennedy Elementary School, or "PJF (Kayangel)" Elementary School is located on the atoll, serving students through eighth grade.

Resources

Gressitt, J. Linsley. 1952. “Description of Kayangel Atoll, Palau Islands.” Atoll Research Bulletin 14: 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.00775630.14.1.